| Height | Pressure (Torr) | Pressure (Pa) |
| 0 | 760 | 101'325 |
| 100 | 751 | 100'125 |
| 200 | 742 | 98'925 |
| 500 | 716 | 95'459 |
| 800 | 691 | 92'126 |
| 1000 | 675 | 89'993 |
| 1400 | 642 | 85'593 |
| 2000 | 596 | 79'460 |
| 3000 | 526 | 70'128 |
| 5000 | 405 | 53'996 |
| 10000 | 198 | 26'398 |
| 20000 | 41 | 5'466 |
| Surface | % Reflection |
| Ocean | 3.5% - 26% |
| Rainforest | 8% |
| Pine forest | 9% |
| Deciduous trees | 13% |
| Barren field | 15% |
| Swampland | 9% - 14% |
| Urban areas, northern hemisphere | 7% |
| Urban areas, tropic | 12% |
| Desert | 25% |
| Desert | 25% |
| Clouds, thick | 75% |
| Clouds, thin | 40% |
| Antartica | 80% |
| Snow fresh | 85% |
| Ice | 35% |
| Sand | 20% |
| Grassy field | 20% |
| Water | 10% |
| Medium | Change (kg/year) |
| Atmosphere | 3.10E+12 |
| Vegetation | 1.00E+12 |
| Ocean | 2.00E+12 |
| Agro | 2.00E+11 |
| Industry | -6.30E+12 |
| Medium | Content (kg) |
| Atmosphere | 7.30E+14 |
| Vegetation | 2.00E+15 |
| Ocean's | 3.80E+16 |
| Flow | kg/year |
| Vegetation > Atmosphere | 1.19E+14 |
| Atmosphere > Vegetation | 1.20E+14 |
| Ocean > Atmosphere | 8.80E+13 |
| Atmosphere > Ocean | 9.00E+13 |
| Industry > Atmosphere | 6.30E+12 |
| Agro > Atmosphere | 1.70E+12 |
| Atmosphere > Agro | 1.90E+12 |
| Element | Abundance (percentage of total number of atoms) | Abundance (percentage of total mass) |
| Hydrogen | 91.2 | 71.0 |
| Helium | 8.7 | 27.1 |
| Oxygen | 0.078 | 0.97 |
| Carbon | 0.043 | 0.40 |
| Nitrogen | 0.0088 | 0.096 |
| Silicon | 0.0045 | 0.099 |
| Magnesium | 0.0038 | 0.076 |
| Neon | 0.0035 | 0.058 |
| Iron | 0.0030 | 0.14 |
| Sulfur | 0.0015 | 0.040 |
| Element | Approximate % by weight |
| Oxygen | 46.6 |
| Silicon | 27.7 |
| Aluminum | 8.1 |
| Iron | 5.0 |
| Calcium | 3.6 |
| Sodium | 2.8 |
| Potassium | 2.6 |
| Magnesium | 2.1 |
| All others | 1.5 |
| Liquid | Compressibility, k (Pa-1 x 10-11) |
| Carbon disulfide | 93 |
| Ethyl alcohol | 110 |
| Glycerine | 21 |
| Mercury | 3.7 |
| Water | 45.8 |
| Material | Curie temperature (K) |
| Fe | 1043 |
| Co | 1388 |
| Ni | 627 |
| Gd | 293 |
| Dy | 85 |
| CrBr3 | 37 |
| Au2MnAl | 200 |
| Cu2MnAl | 630 |
| Cu2MnIn | 500 |
| EuO | 77 |
| EuS | 16.5 |
| MnAs | 318 |
| MnBi | 670 |
| GdCl3 | 2.2 |
| Fe2B | 1015 |
| MnB | 578 |
| Gases at STP | Density (kg/m3) |
| Air | 1.293 |
| Ammonia gas | 0.77 |
| Carbon dioxide | 1.98 |
| Carbon monoxide | 1.25 |
| Helium | 0.178 |
| Hydrogen | 0.09 |
| Nitrogen | 1.26 |
| Oxygen | 1.43 |
| Liquid | Temperature | Density (kg/m3) |
| 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane | 25 C | 1564.00 |
| 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | 20 C | 1454.00 |
| 1,4-Dioxane | 20 C | 1033.60 |
| 2-Methoxyethanol | 20 C | 964.60 |
| Acetic Acid | 25 C | 1049.10 |
| Acetone | 25 C | 784.58 |
| Acetonitrile | 20 C | 782.20 |
| Alcohol, ethyl | 25 C | 785.06 |
| Alcohol, methyl | 25 C | 786.51 |
| Alcohol, propyl | 25 C | 799.96 |
| Ammonia (aqua) | 25 C | 823.35 |
| Analine | 25 C | 1018.93 |
| Automobile oils | 15 C | 880-940 |
| Beer (varies) | 10 C | 1010 |
| Benzene | 25 C | 873.81 |
| Benzil | 25 C | 1079.64 |
| Brine | 15 C | 1230 |
| Bromine | 25 C | 3120.40 |
| Butyric Acid | 20 C | 959 |
| Butane | 25 C | 599.09 |
| n-Butyl Acetate | 20 C | 879.60 |
| n-Butyl Alcohol | 20 C | 809.70 |
| n-Butyl Chloride | 20 C | 886.20 |
| Caproic acid | 25 C | 921.06 |
| Carbolic acid | 15 C | 956.30 |
| Carbon disulfide | 25 C | 1260.97 |
| Carbon tetrachloride | 25 C | 1584.39 |
| Carene | 25 C | 856.99 |
| Castor oil | 25 C | 956.14 |
| Chloride | 25 C | 1559.88 |
| Chlorobenzene | 20 C | 1105.80 |
| Chloroform | 20 C | 1489.20 |
| Chloroform | 25 C | 1464.73 |
| Citric acid | 25 C | 1659.51 |
| Coconut oil | 15 C | 924.27 |
| Cotton seed oil | 15 C | 925.87 |
| Cresol | 25 C | 1023.58 |
| Creosote | 15 C | 1066.83 |
| Crude oil, 48 API | 60 F | 790 |
| Crude oil, 40 API | 60 F | 825 |
| Crude oil, 35.6 API | 60 F | 847 |
| Crude oil, 32.6 API | 60 F | 862 |
| Crude oil, California | 60 F | 915 |
| Crude oil, Mexican | 60 F | 973 |
| Crude oil, Texas | 60 F | 873 |
| Cumene | 25 C | 860.19 |
| Cyclohexane | 20 C | 778.50 |
| Cyclopentane | 20 C | 745.40 |
| Decane | 25 C | 726.28 |
| Diesel fuel oil 20 to 60 | 15 C | 820-950 |
| Diethyl ether | 20 C | 714 |
| o-Dichlorobenzene | 20 C | 1305.80 |
| Dichloromethane | 20 C | 1326.00 |
| Diethylene glycol | 15 C | 1120 |
| Dichloromethane | 20 C | 1326.00 |
| Dimethyl Acetamide | 20 C | 941.50 |
| N,N-Dimethylformamide | 20 C | 948.70 |
| Dimethyl Sulfoxide | 20 C | 1100.40 |
| Dodecane | 25 C | 754.63 |
| Ethane | -89 C | 570.26 |
| Ether | 25 C | 72.72 |
| Ethylamine | 16 C | 680.78 |
| Ethyl Acetate | 20 C | 900.60 |
| Ethyl Alcohol | 20 C | 789.20 |
| Ethyl Ether | 20 C | 713.30 |
| Ethylene Dichloride | 20 C | 1253.00 |
| Ethylene glycol | 25 C | 1096.78 |
| Fluorine refrigerant R-12 | 25 C | 1310.95 |
| Formaldehyde | 45 C | 812.14 |
| Formic acid 10% concentration | 20 C | 1025 |
| Formic acid 80% concentration | 20 C | 1221 |
| Freon - 11 | 21 C | 1490 |
| Freon - 21 | 21 C | 1370 |
| Fuel oil | 60 F | 890.13 |
| Furan | 25 C | 1416.03 |
| Furforol | 25 C | 1154.93 |
| Gasoline, natural | 60 F | 711.22 |
| Gasoline, Vehicle | 60 F | 737.22 |
| Gas oils | 60 F | 890 |
| Glucose | 60 F | 1350-1440 |
| Glycerin | 25 C | 1259.37 |
| Glyme | 20 C | 869.10 |
| Glycerol | 25 C | 1126.10 |
| Heptane | 25 C | 679.50 |
| Hexane | 25 C | 654.83 |
| Hexanol | 25 C | 810.53 |
| Hexene | 25 C | 671.17 |
| Hydrazine | 25 C | 794.52 |
| Iodine | 25 C | 4927.28 |
| Ionene | 25 C | 932.27 |
| Isobutyl Alcohol | 20 C | 801.60 |
| Iso-Octane | 20 C | 691.90 |
| Isopropyl Alcohol | 20 C | 785.40 |
| Isopropyl Myristate | 20 C | 853.20 |
| Kerosene | 60 F | 817.15 |
| Linolenic Acid | 25 C | 898.64 |
| Linseed oil | 25 C | 929.07 |
| Methane | -164 C | 464.54 |
| Methanol | 20 C | 791.30 |
| Methyl Isoamyl Ketone | 20 C | 888.00 |
| Methyl Isobutyl Ketone | 20 C | 800.80 |
| Methyl n-Propyl Ketone | 20 C | 808.20 |
| Methyl t-Butyl Ether | 20 C | 740.50 |
| N-Methylpyrrolidone | 20 C | 1030.40 |
| Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) | 20 C | 804.90 |
| MEK | 25 C | 802.52 |
| Milk | 15 C | 1020-1050 |
| Naphtha | 15 C | 664.77 |
| Naphtha, wood | 25 C | 959.51 |
| Napthalene | 25 C | 820.15 |
| Ocimene | 25 C | 797.72 |
| Octane | 15 C | 917.86 |
| Olive oil | 20 C | 800-920 |
| Oxygen (liquid) | -183 C | 1140 |
| Palmitic Acid | 25 C | 850.58 |
| Pentane | 20 C | 626.20 |
| Pentane | 25 C | 624.82 |
| Petroleum Ether | 20 C | 640.00 |
| Petrol, natural | 60 F | 711.22 |
| Petrol, Vehicle | 60 F | 737.22 |
| Phenol | 25 C | 1072.28 |
| Phosgene | 0 C | 1377.59 |
| Phytadiene | 25 C | 823.35 |
| Pinene | 25 C | 856.99 |
| Propane | -40 C | 583.07 |
| Propane, R-290 | 25 C | 493.53 |
| Propanol | 25 C | 804.13 |
| Propylene Carbonate | 20 C | 1200.60 |
| Propylene | 25 C | 514.35 |
| n-Propyl Alcohol | 20 C | 803.70 |
| Propylene glycol | 25 C | 965.27 |
| Pyridine | 25 C | 978.73 |
| Pyrrole | 25 C | 965.91 |
| Rape seed oil | 20 C | 920 |
| Resorcinol | 25 C | 1268.66 |
| Rosin oil | 15 C | 980 |
| Sabiname | 25 C | 812.14 |
| Sea water | 25 C | 1025.18 |
| Silane | 25 C | 717.63 |
| Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) | 15 C | 1250 |
| Sorbaldehyde | 25 C | 895.43 |
| Soya bean oil | 15 C | 924-928 |
| Stearic Acid | 25 C | 890.63 |
| Sulphuric Acid 95% conc. | 20 C | 1839 |
| Sugar solution 68 brix | 15 C | 1338 |
| Sunflower oil | 20 C | 920 |
| Styrene | 25 C | 903.44 |
| Terpinene | 25 C | 847.38 |
| Tetrahydrofuran | 20 C | 888.00 |
| Toluene | 20 C | 866.90 |
| Toluene | 25 C | 862.27 |
| Triethylamine | 20 C | 727.60 |
| Trifluoroacetic Acid | 20 C | 1489.00 |
| Turpentine | 25 C | 868.20 |
| Water, pure (more temperatures) | 4 C | 1000.00 |
| Water, sea | 77 F | 1021.98 |
| Whale oil | 15 C | 925 |
| o-Xylene | 20 C | 880.20 |
| Material | Density (kg/m3) |
| Alfalfa, ground | 256 |
| Alum, lumpy | 881 |
| Alum, pulverized | 753 |
| Alumina | 961 |
| Aluminum, oxide | 1522 |
| Ammonium Nitrate | 730 |
| Ammonium Sulphate - dry | 1130 |
| Ammonium Sulphate - wet | 1290 |
| Andesite, solid | 2771 |
| Antimony, cast | 6696 |
| Apples | 641 |
| Arsenic | 5671 |
| Asbestos - shredded | 320-400 |
| Asbestos rock | 1600 |
| Ashes - wet | 730-890 |
| Ashes - dry | 570-650 |
| Asphalt, crushed | 721 |
| Babbitt | 7272 |
| Bagasse | 120 |
| Bakelite, solid | 1362 |
| Baking powder | 721 |
| Barium | 3780 |
| Bark, wood refuse | 240 |
| Barley | 609 |
| Barite, crushed | 2883 |
| Basalt, broken | 1954 |
| Basalt, solid | 3011 |
| Bauxite, crushed | 1281 |
| Beans, castor | 577 |
| Beans, cocoa | 593 |
| Beans, navy | 801 |
| Beans, soy | 721 |
| Beeswax | 961 |
| Beets | 721 |
| Bentonite | 593 |
| Bicarbonate of soda | 689 |
| Bismuth | 9787 |
| Bones, pulverized | 881 |
| Borax, fine | 849 |
| Bran | 256 |
| Brewers grain | 432 |
| Brick, common red | 1922 |
| Brick, fire clay | 2403 |
| Brick, silica | 2050 |
| Brick, chrome | 2803 |
| Brick, magnesia | 2563 |
| Buckwheat | 657 |
| Butter | 865 |
| Cadmium | 8650 |
| Calcium carbide | 1201 |
| Caliche | 1442 |
| Carbon, solid | 2146 |
| Carbon, powdered | 80 |
| Cardboard | 689 |
| Cement - clinker | 1290-1540 |
| Cement, Portland | 1506 |
| Cement, mortar | 2162 |
| Cement, slurry | 1442 |
| Chalk, solid | 2499 |
| Chalk, lumpy | 1442 |
| Chalk, fine | 1121 |
| Charcoal | 208 |
| Chloroform | 1522 |
| Chocolate, powder | 641 |
| Chromic acid, flake | 1201 |
| Chromium | 6856 |
| Chromium ore | 2162 |
| Cinders, furnace | 913 |
| Cinders, Coal, ash | 641 |
| Clay, dry excavated | 1089 |
| Clay, wet excavated | 1826 |
| Clay, dry lump | 1073 |
| Clay, fire | 1362 |
| Clay, wet lump | 1602 |
| Clay, compacted | 1746 |
| Clover seed | 769 |
| Coal, Anthracite, solid | 1506 |
| Coal, Anthracite, broken | 1105 |
| Coal, Bituminous, solid | 1346 |
| Coal, Bituminous, broken | 833 |
| Cobaltite ( cobolt ore ) | 6295 |
| Coconut, meal | 513 |
| Coconut, shredded | 352 |
| Coffee, fresh beans | 561 |
| Coffee, roast beans | 432 |
| Coke | 570-650 |
| Concrete, Asphalt | 2243 |
| Concrete, Gravel | 2403 |
| Concrete, Limestone with Portland | 2371 |
| Copper ore | 1940-2590 |
| Copper sulfate, ground | 3604 |
| Copra, medium size | 529 |
| Copra, meal, ground | 641 |
| Copra, expeller cake ground | 513 |
| Copra, expeller cake chopped | 465 |
| Cork, solid | 240 |
| Cork, ground | 160 |
| Corn, on the cob | 721 |
| Corn, shelled | 721 |
| Corn, grits | 673 |
| Cottonseed, dry, de-linted | 561 |
| Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted | 320 |
| Cottonseed, cake, lumpy | 673 |
| Cottonseed, hulls | 192 |
| Cottonseed, meal | 593 |
| Cottonseed, meats | 641 |
| Cottonwood | 416 |
| Cryolite | 1602 |
| Cullet | 1602 |
| Culm | 753 |
| Dolomite, solid | 2899 |
| Dolomite, pulverized | 737 |
| Dolomite, lumpy | 1522 |
| Earth, loam, dry, excavated | 1249 |
| Earth, moist, excavated | 1442 |
| Earth, wet, excavated | 1602 |
| Earth, dense | 2002 |
| Earth, soft loose mud | 1730 |
| Earth, packed | 1522 |
| Earth, Fullers, raw | 673 |
| Emery | 4005 |
| Ether | 737 |
| Feldspar, solid | 2563 |
| Feldspar, pulverized | 1233 |
| Fertilizer, acid phosphate | 961 |
| Fish, scrap | 721 |
| Fish, meal | 593 |
| Flaxseed, whole | 721 |
| Flint - silica | 1390 |
| Flour, wheat | 593 |
| Flue dust | 1450-2020 |
| Fluorspar, solid | 3204 |
| Fluorspar, lumps | 1602 |
| Fluorspar, pulverized | 1442 |
| Fullers Earth - raw or burnt | 570-730 |
| Galena (lead ore) | 7400-7600 |
| Garbage, household rubbish | 481 |
| Glass - broken or cullet | 1290-1940 |
| Glass, window | 2579 |
| Glue, animal, flaked | 561 |
| Glue, vegetable, powdered | 641 |
| Gluten, meal | 625 |
| Gneiss, bed in place | 2867 |
| Gneiss, broken | 1858 |
| Granite, solid | 2691 |
| Granite, broken | 1650 |
| Graphite, flake | 641 |
| Grain - Maize | 760 |
| Grain - Barley | 600 |
| Grain - Millet | 760-800 |
| Grain - Wheat | 780-800 |
| Gravel, loose, dry | 1522 |
| Gravel, with sand, natural | 1922 |
| Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch | 1682 |
| Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch | 2002 |
| Gummite (uranium ore) | 3890-6400 |
| Gypsum, solid | 2787 |
| Gypsum, broken | 1290-1600 |
| Gypsum, crushed | 1602 |
| Gypsum, pulverized | 1121 |
| Halite (salt), solid | 2323 |
| Halite (salt), broken | 1506 |
| Hematite ( iron ore ) | 5095-5205 |
| Hemimorphite (zinc ore) | 3395-3490 |
| Hydrochloric acid 40% | 1201 |
| Ice, solid | 919 |
| Ice, crushed | 593 |
| Ilmenite | 2307 |
| Iridium | 22154 |
| Iron ore - crushed | 2100-2900 |
| Iron oxide pigment | 400 |
| Iron Pyrites | 2400 |
| Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry | 1200 |
| Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet | 1290 |
| Ivory | 1842 |
| Kaolin, green crushed | 1025 |
| Kaolin, pulverized | 352 |
| Lead, rolled | 11389 |
| Lead, red | 3684 |
| Lead, white pigment | 4085 |
| Leather | 945 |
| Lignite, dry | 801 |
| Lime, quick, lump | 849 |
| Lime, quick, fine | 1201 |
| Lime, stone, large | 2691 |
| Lime, stone, lump | 1538 |
| Lime, hydrated | 481 |
| Lime, wet or mortar | 1540 |
| Limonite, solid | 3796 |
| Limonite, broken | 2467 |
| Limestone, solid | 2611 |
| Limestone, broken | 1554 |
| Limestone, pulverized | 1394 |
| Linseed, whole | 753 |
| Linseed, meal | 513 |
| Locust, dry | 705 |
| Magnesite, solid | 3011 |
| Magnesium oxide | 1940 |
| Magnesium sulphate, crystal | 1121 |
| Magnetite, solid (iron ore) | 5046 |
| Magnetite, broken | 3284 |
| Malachite (copper ore) | 3750-3960 |
| Malt | 336 |
| Manganese, solid | 7609 |
| Manganese oxide | 1922 |
| Manure | 400 |
| Marble, solid | 2563 |
| Marble, broken | 1570 |
| Marl, wet, excavated | 2243 |
| Mica, solid | 2883 |
| Mica, broken | 1602 |
| Mica - flake | 520 |
| Mica - powder | 986 |
| Milk, powdered | 449 |
| Molybdenum ore | 1600 |
| Mortar, wet | 2403 |
| Mud, packed | 1906 |
| Mud, fluid | 1730 |
| Nickel ore | 1600 |
| Nickel, rolled | 8666 |
| Nickel silver | 8442 |
| Nitric acid, 91% | 1506 |
| Oak, red | 705 |
| Oats | 432 |
| Oats, rolled | 304 |
| Oil cake | 785 |
| Oil, linseed | 942 |
| Oil, petroleum | 881 |
| Oyster shells, ground | 849 |
| Paper, standard | 1201 |
| Peanuts, shelled | 641 |
| Peanuts, not shelled | 272 |
| Peat, dry | 400 |
| Peat, moist | 801 |
| Peat, wet | 1121 |
| Pecan wood | 753 |
| Phosphate rock, broken | 1762 |
| Phosphorus | 2339 |
| Pitch | 1153 |
| Plaster | 849 |
| Platinum ore | 2600 |
| Porcelain | 2403 |
| Porphyry, solid | 2547 |
| Porphyry, broken | 1650 |
| Potash | 1281 |
| Potassium chloride | 2002 |
| Potatoes, white | 769 |
| Pumice, stone | 641 |
| Pyrite (fool's gold) | 2400-5015 |
| Quartz, solid | 2643 |
| Quartz, lump | 1554 |
| Quartz sand | 1201 |
| Resin, synthetic, crushed | 561 |
| Rice, hulled | 753 |
| Rice, rough | 577 |
| Rice grits | 689 |
| Rip-Rap | 1602 |
| Rock - soft - excavated with shovel | 1600-1780 |
| Rosin | 1073 |
| Rubber, caoutchouc | 945 |
| Rubber, manufactured | 1522 |
| Rubber, ground scrap | 481 |
| Rye | 705 |
| Salt cake | 1442 |
| Salt, course | 801 |
| Salt, fine | 1201 |
| Saltpeter | 1201 |
| Sand, wet | 1922 |
| Sand, wet, packed | 2082 |
| Sand, dry | 1602 |
| Sand, loose | 1442 |
| Sand, rammed | 1682 |
| Sand, water filled | 1922 |
| Sand with Gravel, dry | 1650 |
| Sand with Gravel, wet | 2020 |
| Sandstone, solid | 2323 |
| Sandstone, broken | 1370-1450 |
| Sawdust | 210 |
| Sewage, sludge | 721 |
| Shale, solid | 2675 |
| Shale, broken | 1586 |
| Shells - oyster | 800 |
| Sinter | 1600-2180 |
| Slag, solid | 2114 |
| Slag, broken | 1762 |
| Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch | 1185 |
| Slag, furn. granulated | 961 |
| Slate, solid | 2691 |
| Slate, broken | 1290-1450 |
| Slate, pulverized | 1362 |
| Smithsonite (zinc ore) | 4300 |
| Snow, freshly fallen | 160 |
| Snow, compacted | 481 |
| Soap, solid | 801 |
| Soap, chips | 160 |
| Soap, flakes | 160 |
| Soap, powdered | 368 |
| Soapstone talc | 2400 |
| Soda Ash, heavy | 1080 |
| Soda Ash, light | 432 |
| Sodium | 977 |
| Sodium Aluminate, ground | 1153 |
| Sodium Nitrate, ground | 1201 |
| Soy beans, whole | 753 |
| Starch, powdered | 561 |
| Stone, crushed | 1602 |
| Stone (common, generic) | 2515 |
| Sugar, brown | 721 |
| Sugar, powdered | 801 |
| Sugar, granulated | 849 |
| Sugar, raw cane | 961 |
| Sugarbeet pulp, dry | 208 |
| Sugarbeet pulp, wet | 561 |
| Sugarcane | 272 |
| Sulphur, solid | 2002 |
| Sulphur, lump | 1314 |
| Sulphur, pulverized | 961 |
| Taconite | 2803 |
| Talc, solid | 2691 |
| Talc, broken | 1746 |
| Tanbark, ground | 881 |
| Tankage | 961 |
| Tar | 1153 |
| Tobacco | 320 |
| Trap rock, solid | 2883 |
| Trap rock, broken | 1746 |
| Turf | 400 |
| Turpentine | 865 |
| Walnut, black, dry | 609 |
| Water, pure | 1000 |
| Water, sea | 1026 |
| Wheat | 769 |
| Wheat, cracked | 673 |
| Wood chips - dry | 240-520 |
| Wool | 1314 |
| Zinc oxide | 400 |
| Metal | Density (kg/m3) |
| Aluminium - melted | 2560-2640 |
| Aluminium bronze (3-10% Al) | 7700-8700 |
| Aluminium foil | 2700-2750 |
| Antifriction metal | 9130-10600 |
| Beryllium | 1840 |
| Beryllium copper | 8100-8250 |
| Brass - casting | 8400-8700 |
| Brass - rolled and drawn | 8430-8730 |
| Bronze - lead | 7700-8700 |
| Bronze - phosphorous | 8780-8920 |
| Bronze (8-14% Sn) | 7400-8900 |
| Cast iron | 6800-7800 |
| Cobolt | 8746 |
| Copper | 8930 |
| Delta metal | 8600 |
| Electrum | 8400-8900 |
| Gold | 19320 |
| Iron | 7850 |
| Lead | 11340 |
| Light alloy based on Al | 2560-2800 |
| Light alloy based on Mg | 1760-1870 |
| Magnesium | 1738 |
| Mercury | 13593 |
| Molybdenum | 10188 |
| Monel | 8360-8840 |
| Nickel | 8800 |
| Nickel silver | 8400-8900 |
| Platinum | 21400 |
| Plutonium | 19800 |
| Silver | 10490 |
| Steel - rolled | 7850 |
| Steel - stainless | 7480-8000 |
| Tin | 7280 |
| Titanium | 4500 |
| Tungsten | 19600 |
| Uranium | 18900 |
| Vanadium | 5494 |
| White metal | 7100 |
| Zinc | 7135 |
| Wood | Density (kg/m3) |
| Afromosia | 705 |
| Apple | 660-830 |
| Ash, black | 540 |
| Ash, white | 670 |
| Aspen | 420 |
| Balsa | 170 |
| Bamboo | 300-400 |
| Birch (British) | 670 |
| Cedar, red | 380 |
| Cypress | 510 |
| Douglas Fir | 530 |
| Ebony | 960-1120 |
| Elm (English) | 600 |
| Elm (Wych) | 690 |
| Elm (Rock) | 815 |
| Iroko | 655 |
| Larch | 590 |
| Lignum Vitae | 1280-1370 |
| Mahogany (Honduras) | 545 |
| Mahogany (African) | 495-850 |
| Maple | 755 |
| Oak | 590-930 |
| Pine (Oregon) | 530 |
| Pine (Parana) | 560 |
| Pine (Canadian) | 350-560 |
| Pine (Red) | 370-660 |
| Redwood (American) | 450 |
| Redwood (European) | 510 |
| Spruce (Canadian) | 450 |
| Spruce (Sitka) | 450 |
| Sycamore | 590 |
| Teak | 630-720 |
| Willow | 420 |
| Molecule | Frequency (10^13 Hz) |
| H-H | 13 |
| N-N | 7.0 |
| C-O | 6.4 |
| N-O | 5.7 |
| O-O | 4.7 |
| Molecule | Dissociation Energy(eV) | Equilibrium Separation (nm) (Bond length) |
| NaCl | 4.26 | 0.236 |
| NaF | 4.99 | 0.193 |
| NaBr | 3.8 | 0.250 |
| NaI | 3.1 | 0.271 |
| NaH | 2.08 | 0.189 |
| LiCl | 4.86 | 0.202 |
| LiH | 2.47 | 0.239 |
| LiI | 3.67 | 0.238 |
| KCl | 4.43 | 0.267 |
| KBr | 3.97 | 0.282 |
| RbF | 5.12 | 0.227 |
| RbCl | 4.64 | 0.279 |
| CsI | 3.57 | 0.337 |
| Material | Temperature (°C) | Dielectric Constant |
| Vacuum | 20 | 1 |
| Glass | 20 | 5-10 |
| Mica | 20 | 3-6 |
| Mylar | 20 | 3.1 |
| Neoprene | 20 | 6.70 |
| Plexiglas | 20 | 3.40 |
| Polyethylene | 20 | 2.25 |
| Polyvinyl chloride | 20 | 3.18 |
| Teflon | 20 | 2.1 |
| Germanium | 20 | 16 |
| Strontiun titanate | 20 | 310 |
| Titanium dioxide (rutile) | 20 | 173 perp 86 para |
| Water | 20 | 80.4 |
| Glycerin | 20 | 42.5 |
| Liquid ammonia(-78°C) | 20 | 25 |
| Benzene | 20 | 2.284 |
| Air(1 atm) | 20 | 1.00059 |
| Air(100 atm) | 20 | 1.0548 |
| Object | Drag Coefficient |
| Wing | 0.02 |
| Ball with v > 54 m/s | 0.3 |
| Ball with v < 27 m/s | 0.5 |
| Sphere | 0.2 .. 0.4 |
| Turbulent flow for Re > 3x10^5 | 0.2 |
| Non-Turbulent flow for Re < 3x10^5 | 0.47 |
| Surface orthogonal to flow | 1.1 |
| Open half sphere, opening against the stream | 1.3 ... 1.6 |
| Open half sphere, round part against the stream | 0.35 |
| Aerodynamic body | 0.055 |
| Car | 0.5 |
| Element | Electron Affinities (eV) |
| H | -0.76 |
| Li | -0.62 |
| B | -0.28 |
| C | -1.27 |
| N | 0 |
| O | -1.43 |
| F | -3.41 |
| Na | -0.55 |
| Al | -0.46 |
| Si | -1.39 |
| P | -0.75 |
| S | -2.08 |
| Cl | -3.62 |
| K | -0.50 |
| Ga | -0.31 |
| Ge | -1.25 |
| As | -0.80 |
| Se | -2.02 |
| Br | -3.37 |
| Rb | -0.49 |
| In | -0.31 |
| Sn | -1.26 |
| Sb | -1.05 |
| Te | -1.97 |
| I | -3.06 |
| Cs | -0.47 |
| Tl | -0.31 |
| Pb | -1.14 |
| Bi | -1.14 |
| Po | -1.87 |
| At | -2.80 |
| Element Fermi Energy | eV Fermi Temperature | x 10^4 K Fermi Velocity | x 10^6 m/s |
| Li | 4.74 | 5.51 | 1.29 |
| Na | 3.24 | 3.77 | 1.07 |
| K | 2.12 | 2.46 | 0.86 |
| Rb | 1.85 | 2.15 | 0.81 |
| Cs | 1.59 | 1.84 | 0.75 |
| Cu | 7.00 | 8.16 | 1.57 |
| Ag | 5.49 | 6.38 | 1.39 |
| Au | 5.53 | 6.42 | 1.40 |
| Be | 14.3 | 16.6 | 2.25 |
| Mg | 7.08 | 8.23 | 1.58 |
| Ca | 4.69 | 5.44 | 1.28 |
| Sr | 3.93 | 4.57 | 1.18 |
| Ba | 3.64 | 4.23 | 1.13 |
| Nb | 5.32 | 6.18 | 1.37 |
| Fe | 11.1 | 13.0 | 1.98 |
| Mn | 10.9 | 12.7 | 1.96 |
| Zn | 9.47 | 11.0 | 1.83 |
| Cd | 7.47 | 8.68 | 1.62 |
| Hg | 7.13 | 8.29 | 1.58 |
| Al | 11.7 | 13.6 | 2.03 |
| Ga | 10.4 | 12.1 | 1.92 |
| In | 8.63 | 10.0 | 1.74 |
| Tl | 8.15 | 9.46 | 1.69 |
| Sn | 10.2 | 11.8 | 1.90 |
| Pb | 9.47 | 11.0 | 1.83 |
| Bi | 9.90 | 11.5 | 1.87 |
| Sb | 10.9 | 12.7 | 1.96 |
| Interface | Static friction | Kinetic friction, dry | Kinetic friction, lubricants | Kinetic friction, water |
| Iron - Iron | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.01 | ... |
| Iron - Wood | 0.5 ... 0.6 | 0.4 ... 0.5 | 0.03 ... 0.08 | 0.25 |
| Wood - Wood | 0.65 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ... |
| Leather - Grey cast iron | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.28 |
| Leather - Wood | 0.47 | 0.27 | ... | ... |
| Iron - Ice | ... | ... | ... | 0.014 |
| Car tire - Plaster | ... | 0.5 | ... | 0.2 |
| Car tire - Bitumen | ... | 0.3 | 0.15 | ... |
| Wood - Wood | 0.65 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ... |
| Leather - Grey cast iron | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.28 |
| Leather - Wood | 0.47 | 0.27 | ... | ... |
| Iron - Ice | ... | ... | ... | 0.014 |
| Car tire - Plaster | ... | 0.5 | ... | 0.2 |
| Car tire - Bitumen | ... | 0.3 | 0.15 | ... |
| Iron - Ice | ... | ... | ... | 0.014 |
| Car tire - Plaster | ... | 0.5 | ... | 0.2 |
| Car tire - Bitumen | ... | 0.3 | 0.15 | ... |
| Gas Constant | Volume Heat Capacity cV (J/K) | cV/R |
| Ar | 12.5 | 1.50 |
| He | 12.5 | 1.50 |
| CO | 20.7 | 2.49 |
| H2 | 20.4 | 2.45 |
| HCl | 21.4 | 2.57 |
| N2 | 20.6 | 2.49 |
| NO | 20.9 | 2.51 |
| O2 | 21.1 | 2.54 |
| Cl2 | 24.8 | 2.98 |
| CO2 | 28.2 | 3.40 |
| CS2 | 40.9 | 4.92 |
| H2S | 25.4 | 3.06 |
| N2O | 28.5 | 3.42 |
| SO2 | 31.3 | 3.76 |
| Metarial | Temperature (°C) | Km-1 (x 10-5) |
| Ammonia | 20 | -0.26 |
| Bismuth | 20 | -16.6 |
| Mercury | 20 | -2.9 |
| Silver | 20 | -2.6 |
| Carbon (diamond) | 20 | -2.1 |
| Carbon (graphite) | 20 | -1.6 |
| Lead | 20 | -1.8 |
| Sodium chloride | 20 | -1.4 |
| Copper | 20 | -1.0 |
| Water | 20 | -0.91 |
| Material | Temperature (°C) | Km-1 (x 10-5) |
| Iron oxide (FeO) | 20 | 720 |
| Iron amonium alum | 20 | 66 |
| Uranium | 20 | 40 |
| Platinum | 20 | 26 |
| Tungsten | 20 | 6.8 |
| Cesium | 20 | 5.1 |
| Aluminum | 20 | 2.2 |
| Lithium | 20 | 1.4 |
| Magnesium | 20 | 1.2 |
| Sodium | 20 | 0.72 |
| Oxygen gas | 20 | 0.19 |
| Substance | Melting point K | Melting point °C | Heat of fusion (103 J/kg) |
| Helium | 3.5 | -269.65 | 5.23 |
| Hydrogen | 13.84 | -259.31 | 58.6 |
| Nitrogen | 63.18 | -209.97 | 25.5 |
| Oxygen | 54.36 | -218.79 | 13.8 |
| Ethyl alcohol | 159 | -114 | 104.2 |
| Mercury | 234 | -39 | 11.8 |
| Water | 273.15 | 0.00 | 334 |
| Sulfur | 392 | 119 | 38.1 |
| Lead | 600.5 | 327.3 | 24.5 |
| Antimony | 903.65 | 630.50 | 165 |
| Silver | 1233.95 | 960.80 | 88.3 |
| Gold | 1336.15 | 1063.00 | 64.5 |
| Copper | 1356 | 1083 | 134 |
| 1a | 2a | 3b | 4b | 5b | 6b | 7b | VIII | 1b | 2b | 3a | 4a | 5a | 6a | 7a | 0 | |||
| * | ||||||||||||||||||
| + | ||||||||||||||||||
| * Lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||
| + Actinides | ||||||||||||||||||
| Element | Work Function(eV) |
| Aluminum | 4.08 |
| Beryllium | 5.0 |
| Cadmium | 4.07 |
| Calcium | 2.9 |
| Carbon | 4.81 |
| Cesium | 2.1 |
| Cobalt | 5.0 |
| Copper | 4.7 |
| Gold | 5.1 |
| Iron | 4.5 |
| Lead | 4.14 |
| Magnesium | 3.68 |
| Mercury | 4.5 |
| Nickel | 5.01 |
| Niobium | 4.3 |
| Potassium | 2.3 |
| Platinum | 6.35 |
| Selenium | 5.11 |
| Silver | 4.73 |
| Sodium | 2.28 |
| Uranium | 3.6 |
| Zinc | 4.3 |
| Radionuclide | Half Life |
| 3H | 4500 ± 8 d |
| 18F | 1.82951 ± 0.00034 h |
| 22Na | 950.97 ± 0.15 d |
| 24Na | 14.9512 ± 0.0032 h |
| 32P | 14.263 ± 0.003 d |
| 44Ti | 22154 ± 456 d |
| 46Sc | 83.831 ± 0.066 d |
| 51Cr | 27.7010 ± 0.0012 d |
| 54Mn | 312.028 ± 0.034 d |
| 57Co | 272.11 ± 0.26 d |
| 58Co | 70.77 ± 0.11 d |
| 59Fe | 44.5074 ± 0.0072 d |
| 60Co | 1925.20 ± 0.25 d |
| 62Cu | 9.6725 ± 0.0080 min |
| 65Zn | 244.164 ± 0.099 d |
| 67Ga | 3.26154 ± 0.00054 d |
| 75Se | 119.809 ± 0.066 d |
| 85Kr | 3935.7 ± 1.2 d |
| 85Sr | 64.8530 ± 0.0081 d |
| 88Y | 106.626 ± 0.044 d |
| 99Mo | 65.9239 ± 0.0058 h |
| 99mTc | 6.00718 ± 0.00087 h |
| 99mTc | 6.0123 ± 0.0032 h |
| 103Ru | 39.310 ± 0.044 d |
| 109Cd | 463.26 ± 0.63 d |
| 110mAg | 249.950 ± 0.024 d |
| 111In | 2.80477 ± 0.00053 d |
| 113Sn | 115.079 ± 0.080 d |
| 117mSn | 14.00 ± 0.05 d |
| 123I | 13.2235 ± 0.0019 h |
| 125I | 59.49 ± 0.13 d |
| 125Sb | 1007.56 ± 0.10 d |
| 127Xe | 36.3446 ± 0.0028 d |
| 131I | 8.0197 ± 0.0022 d |
| 131mXe | 11.934 ± 0.021 d |
| 133Ba | 3854.7 ± 2.8 d |
| 133Xe | 5.24747 ± 0.00045 d |
| 134Cs | 753.88 ± 0.15 d |
| 137Cs | 11018.3 ± 9.5 d |
| 139Ce | 137.734 ± 0.091 d |
| 140Ba | 12.7527 ± 0.0023 d |
| 140La | 40.293 ± 0.012 h |
| 141Ce | 32.510 ± 0.024 d |
| 144Ce | 284.534 ± 0.032 d |
| 152Eu | 4947.2 ± 1.1 d |
| 153Gd | 239.472 ± 0.069 d |
| 153Sm | 46.2853 ± 0.0014 h |
| 154Eu | 3145.2 ± 1.1 d |
| 155Eu | 1739.06 ± 0.45 d |
| 166Ho | 26.794 ± 0.023 h |
| 169Yb | 32.0147 ± 0.0093 d |
| 177Lu | 6.64 ± 0.01 d |
| 181W | 121.095 ± 0.064 d |
| 186Re | 89.248 ± 0.069 h |
| 188Re | 17.001 ± 0.022 h |
| 188W | 69.783 ± 0.048 d |
| 192Ir | 73.810 ± 0.019 d |
| 195Au | 186.098 ± 0.047 d |
| 198Au | 2.69517 ± 0.00021 d |
| 201Tl | 3.0456 ± 0.0015 d |
| 202Tl | 12.466 ± 0.081 d |
| 203Hg | 46.619 ± 0.027 d |
| 203Pb | 51.923 ± 0.037 h |
| 207Bi | 11523. ± 15. d |
| 228Th | 698.60 ± 0.36 d |
| Medium | n (red) | n (yellow) | n (blue) | n (violet) |
| Borosilicate crown (BSC) | 1.49776 | 1.50000 | 1.50529 | 1.50937 |
| Borosilicate crown2 (BSC-2) | 1.51462 | 1.51700 | 1.52264 | 1.52708 |
| Light barium crown (LBC-1) | 1.53828 | 1.54100 | 1.54735 | 1.55249 |
| Telescope flint (TF) | 1.52762 | 1.53050 | 1.53790 | 1.54379 |
| Dense barium flint (DBF) | 1.66650 | 1.67050 | 1.68059 | 1.68882 |
| Light flint (LF) | 1.57208 | 1.57600 | 1.58606 | 1.59441 |
| Dense flint-2 (DF-2) | 1.61216 | 1.61700 | 1.62901 | 1.63923 |
| Dense flint-4 (DF-4) | 1.64357 | 1.64900 | 1.66270 | 1.67456 |
| Extra dense flint (EDF-3) | 1.71303 | 1.72000 | 1.73780 | 1.75324 |
| Fused quartz (SiO2) | ... | 1.4585 | ... | ... |
| Crystal quartz (O ray) (SiO2) | ... | 1.5443 | ... | ... |
| Fluorite (CaF2) | ... | 1.4338 | ... | ... |
| Material | Index |
| Vacuum | 1.00000 |
| Air at STP | 1.00029 |
| Ice | 1.31 |
| Water at 20 C | 1.33 |
| Acetone | 1.36 |
| Ethyl alcohol | 1.36 |
| Sugar solution(30%) | 1.38 |
| Fluorite | 1.433 |
| Fused quartz | 1.46 |
| Glycerine | 1.473 |
| Sugar solution (80%) | 1.49 |
| Typical crown glass | 1.52 |
| Crown glasses | 1.52-1.62 |
| Spectacle crown, C-1 | 1.523 |
| Sodium chloride | 1.54 |
| Polystyrene | 1.55-1.59 |
| Carbon disulfide | 1.63 |
| Flint glasses | 1.57-1.75 |
| Heavy flint glass | 1.65 |
| Extra dense flint, EDF-3 | 1.7200 |
| Methylene iodide | 1.74 |
| Sapphire | 1.77 |
| Rare earth flint | 1.7-1.84 |
| Lanthanum flint | 1.82-1.98 |
| Arsenic trisulfide glass | 2.04 |
| Diamond | 2.417 |
| Material Resistivity r (ohm m) | Temperature (°C) | Temperature coefficient per degree | C Conductivity s x 107 /Wm | ||
| Silver | 20 | 1.59 x10^-8 | 0.0061 | 6.29 | |
| Copper | 20 | 1.68 x10^-8 | 0.0068 | 5.95 | |
| Aluminum | 20 | 2.65 x10^-8 | 0.00429 | 3.77 | |
| Tungsten | 20 | 5.6 x10^-8 | 0.0045 | 1.79 | |
| Iron | 20 | 9.71 x10^-8 | 0.00651 | 1.03 | |
| Platinum | 20 | 10.6 x10^-8 | 0.003927 | 0.943 | |
| Manganin | 20 | 48.2 x10^-8 | 0.000002 | 0.207 | |
| Lead | 20 | 22 x10^-8 | - | 0.45 | |
| Mercury | 20 | 98 x10^-8 | 0.0009 | 0.10 | |
| Nichrome (Ni,Fe,Cr alloy) | 20 | 100 x10^-8 | 0.0004 | 0.10 | |
| Constantan | 20 | 49 x10^-8 | - | 0.20 | |
| Carbon (graphite) | 20 | 3-60 x10^-5 | -0.0005 | - | |
| Germanium | 20 | 1-500 x10^-3 | -0.05 | - | |
| Silicon | 20 | 0.1-60 | - | -0.07 | - |
| Glass | 20 | 1-10000 x10^9 | - | - | |
| Quartz (fused) | 20 | 7.5 x10^17 | - | - | |
| Hard rubber | 20 | 1-100 x10^13 | - | - |
| Temperature (°C) | Pressure (mmHg) | Density (g/m3) |
| -10 | 2.15 | 2.36 |
| 0 | 4.58 | 4.85 |
| 5 | 6.54 | 6.8 |
| 10 | 9.21 | 9.4 |
| 11 | 9.84 | 10.01 |
| 12 | 10.52 | 10.66 |
| 13 | 11.23 | 11.35 |
| 14 | 11.99 | 12.07 |
| 15 | 12.79 | 12.83 |
| 20 | 17.54 | 17.3 |
| 25 | 23.76 | 23 |
| 30 | 31.8 | 30.4 |
| 37 | 47.07 | 44 |
| 40 | 55.3 | 51.1 |
| 60 | 149.4 | 130.5 |
| 80 | 355.1 | 293.8 |
| 95 | 634 | 505 |
| 96 | 658 | 523 |
| 97 | 682 | 541 |
| 98 | 707 | 560 |
| 99 | 733 | 579 |
| 100 | 760 | 598 |
| 101 | 788 | 618 |
| 110 | 1074.6 | - |
| 120 | 1489 | - |
| 200 | 11659 | 7840 |
| Planet | Distance to Sun (Gm) | Periode (years) | Excentricity of the orbit | Mass in Earth masses |
| Mercure | 58 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.053 |
| Venus | 108 | 0.62 | 0.01 | 0.8149 |
| Earth | 150 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 |
| Mars | 228 | 1.88 | 0.09 | 0.107 |
| Jupiter | 778 | 11.86 | 0.05 | 318 |
| Saturn | 1428 | 29.46 | 0.06 | 95.22 |
| Uranus | 2872 | 84.02 | 0.05 | 14.55 |
| Neptun | 4498 | 164.78 | 0.01 | 17.23 |
| Pluto | 5910 | 248.4 | 0.25 | 0.9 |
| Substance | Temperature (°C) | c in J/gm K | Molar C J/mol K |
| Aluminum | 20 | 0.900 | 24.3 |
| Bismuth | 20 | 0.123 | 25.7 |
| Copper | 20 | 0.386 | 24.5 |
| Brass | 20 | 0.380 | - |
| Gold | 20 | 0.126 | 25.6 |
| Lead | 20 | 0.128 | 26.4 |
| Silver | 20 | 0.233 | 24.9 |
| Tungsten | 20 | 0.134 | 24.8 |
| Zinc | 20 | 0.387 | 25.2 |
| Mercury | 20 | 0.140 | 28.3 |
| Alcohol(ethyl) | 20 | 2.4 | 111 |
| Water | 20 | 4.186 | 75.2 |
| Ice (-10 C) | 20 | 2.05 | 36.9 |
| Granite | 20 | 0.790 | - |
| Glass | 20 | 0.84 | - |
| Speed of Sound | Temperature (°C) | m/s |
| Gas | ||
| Air, dry | 0 | 331 |
| Air, dry | 20 | 343 |
| Carbon Dioxide | 0 | 259 |
| Helium | 0 | 965 |
| Hydrogen | 0 | 1260 |
| Oxygen | 0 | 316 |
| Liquid | ||
| Carbon tetrachloride | 20 | 926 |
| Chloroform | 20 | 1004 |
| Ethanol | 20 | 1162 |
| Glycerol | 20 | 1904 |
| Kerosene | 20 | 1324 |
| Mercury | 20 | 1450 |
| Methyl alcohol | 20 | 1143 |
| Water | 15 | 1400 |
| Water | 20 | 1482 |
| Sea water | 20 | 1533 |
| Solid | ||
| Aluminum | 20 | 5100 |
| Brass | 20 | 4700 |
| Concrete | 20 | 3100 |
| Copper | 20 | 5010 |
| Diamond | 20 | 12000 |
| Glass | 20 | 5500 |
| Gold | 20 | 3240 |
| Iron | 20 | 5130 |
| Lead | 20 | 1200 |
| Lucite | 20 | 2680 |
| Pyrex glass | 20 | 5640 |
| Rubber | 20 | 1600 |
| Steel | 20 | 5000 |
| Wood (soft-along the fibre) | 20 | 3400 |
| Material | Thermal conductivity (cal/sec)/(cm^2 C/cm) | Thermal conductivity (W/m K) |
| Air at 0 C | 0.000057 | 0.024 |
| Aluminum | 0.50 | 205.0 |
| Asbestos | 0.0004 | - |
| Brass | - | 109.0 |
| Brick,insulating | - | 0.15 |
| Brick,red | - | 0.6 |
| Concrete | 0.002 | 0.8 |
| Cork board | 0.00011 | 0.04 |
| Copper | 0.99 | 385.0 |
| Fiberglass | 0.00015 | 0.04 |
| Glass,ordinary | 0.0025 | 0.8 |
| Helium at 0 C | 0.0003 | 0.14 |
| Hydrogen at 0 C | 0.0004 | 0.14 |
| Ice | 0.005 | 1.6 |
| Iron | 0.163 | - |
| Lead | 0.083 | 34.7 |
| Mercury | - | 8.3 |
| Oxygen | - | 0.023 |
| Rock wool | - | 0.04 |
| Silver | 1.01 | 406.0 |
| Snow (dry) | 0.00026 | - |
| Steel | - | 50.2 |
| Styrofoam | - | 0.01 |
| Water at 20 C | 0.0014 | - |
| Wood | 0.0001 | 0.12-0.04 |
| Wool felt | 0.0001 | 0.04 |
| Element | Debye temperature (K) | Thermal conductivity at 300K (W/cmK) |
| Ag | 225 | 4.29 |
| Al | 428 | 2.37 |
| Ar | 92 | - |
| As | 282 | 0.50 |
| Au | 165 | 3.17 |
| Ba | 110 | - |
| Be | 1440 | 0.27 |
| Bi | 119 | 0.08 |
| C | 2230 | 1.29 |
| Ca | 230 | - |
| Cd | 209 | 0.97 |
| Ce | - | 0.11 |
| Cr | 630 | 0.94 |
| Co | 445 | 1.00 |
| Cs | 38 | 0.36 |
| Cu | 343 | 4.01 |
| Dy | 210 | 0.11 |
| Er | - | 0.14 |
| Fe | 470 | 0.80 |
| Ga | 320 | 0.41 |
| Gd | 200 | 0.11 |
| Ge | 374 | 0.6 |
| Hf | 252 | 0.23 |
| Hg | 71.9 | - |
| Ho | - | 0.16 |
| In | 108 | 0.82 |
| Ir | 420 | 1.47 |
| K | 91 | 1.02 |
| Kr | 72 | - |
| La | 142 | 0.14 |
| Li | 344 | 0.85 |
| Lu | 210 | 0.16 |
| Mg | 400 | 1.56 |
| Mn | 410 | 0.08 |
| Mo | 450 | 1.38 |
| Na | 158 | 1.41 |
| Nb | 275 | 0.54 |
| Nd | - | 0.16 |
| Ne | 75 | - |
| Ni | 450 | 0.91 |
| Np | - | 0.06 |
| Os | 500 | 0.88 |
| Rb | 56 | 0.58 |
| Re | 430 | 0.48 |
| Rh | 480 | 1.50 |
| Rn | 64 | - |
| Ru | 600 | 1.17 |
| Pb | 105 | 0.35 |
| Pd | 274 | 0.72 |
| Pr | - | 0.13 |
| Pt | 240 | 0.72 |
| Pu | - | 0.07 |
| Sb | 211 | 0.24 |
| Sc | 360 | 0.16 |
| Se | 90 | 0.02 |
| Si | 645 | 1.48 |
| Sm | - | 0.13 |
| Sn | 200 | 0.67 |
| Sr | 147 | - |
| Ta | 240 | 0.58 |
| Tb | - | 0.11 |
| Tc | - | 0.51 |
| Te | 153 | 0.02 |
| Th | 163 | 0.54 |
| Ti | 420 | 0.22 |
| Tl | 78.5 | 0.46 |
| Tm | - | 0.17 |
| U | 207 | 0.28 |
| V | 380 | 0.31 |
| W | 400 | 1.74 |
| Xe | 64 | - |
| Y | 280 | 0.17 |
| Yb | 120 | 0.35 |
| Zn | 327 | 1.16 |
| Zr | 291 | 0.23 |
| Material | Temperature (°C) | Fractional expansion per degree C x10^-6 |
| Glass, ordinary | 20 | 9 |
| Glass, pyrex | 20 | 4 |
| Quartz, fused | 20 | 0.59 |
| Aluminum | 20 | 24 |
| Brass | 20 | 19 |
| Copper | 20 | 17 |
| Iron | 20 | 12 |
| Steel | 20 | 13 |
| Platinum | 20 | 9 |
| Tungsten | 20 | 4.3 |
| Gold | 20 | 14 |
| Silver | 20 | 18 |
| Substance (form) | Enthalpy DfH (kJ) | Gibbs DfG (kJ) | Entropy (J/K) | Specific heat CP(J/K) | Volume V(cm3) |
| Al (s) | 0 | 0 | 28.33 | 24.35 | 9.99 |
| Al2SiO5 (kyanite) | -2594.29 | -2443.88 | 83.81 | 121.71 | 44.09 |
| Al2SiO5 (andalusite) | -2590.27 | -2442.66 | 93.22 | 122.72 | 51.53 |
| Al2SiO5 (sillimanite) | -2587.76 | -2440.99 | 96.11 | 124.52 | 49.90 |
| Ar (g) | 0 | 0 | 154.84 | 20.79 | - |
| C (graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.74 | 8.53 | 5.30 |
| C (diamond) | 1.895 | 2.900 | 2.38 | 6.11 | 3.42 |
| CH4 (g) | -74.81 | -50.72 | 186.26 | 35.31 | - |
| C2H6 (g) | -84.68 | -32.82 | 229.60 | 52.63 | - |
| C3H8 (g) | -103.85 | -23.49 | 269.91 | 73.5 | - |
| C2H5OH (l) | -277.69 | -174.78 | 160.7 | 111.46 | 58.4 |
| C6H12O6 (glucose) | -1268 | -910 | 212 | 115 | - |
| CO (g) | -110.53 | -137.17 | 197.67 | 29.14 | - |
| CO2 (g) | -393.51 | -394.36 | 213.74 | 37.11 | - |
| H2CO3 (aq) | -699.65 | -623.08 | 187.4 | - | - |
| HCO3- (aq) | -691.99 | -586.77 | 91.2 | - | - |
| Ca2+ (aq) | -542.83 | -553.58 | -53.1 | - | - |
| CaCO3 (calcite) | -1206.9 | -1128.8 | 92.9 | 81.88 | 36.93 |
| CaCO3 (aragonite) | -1207.1 | -1127.8 | 88.7 | 81.25 | 34.15 |
| CaCl2 (s) | -795.8 | -748.1 | 104.6 | 72.59 | 51.6 |
| Cl2 (g) | 0 | 0 | 223.07 | 33.91 | - |
| Cl- (aq) | -167.16 | -131.23 | 56.5 | -136.4 | 17.3 |
| Cu (s) | 0 | 0 | 33.150 | 24.44 | 7.12 |
| Fe (s) | 0 | 0 | 27.28 | 25.10 | 7.11 |
| H2 (g) | 0 | 0 | 130.68 | 28.82 | - |
| H (g) | 217.97 | 203.25 | 114.71 | 20.78 | - |
| H+ (aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| H2O (l) | -285.83 | -237.13 | 69.91 | 75.29 | 18.068 |
| H2O (g) | -241.82 | -228.57 | 188.83 | 33.58 | - |
| He (g) | 0 | 0 | 126.15 | 20.79 | - |
| Hg (l) | 0 | 0 | 76.02 | 27.98 | 14.81 |
| N2 (g) | 0 | 0 | 191.61 | 29.12 | - |
| NH3 (g) | -46.11 | -16.45 | 192.45 | 35.06 | - |
| Na+(aq) | -240.12 | -261.91 | 59.0 | 46.4 | -1.2 |
| NaCl (s) | -411.15 | -384.14 | 72.13 | 50.50 | 27.01 |
| NaAlSi3O8 (albite) | -3935.1 | -3711.5 | 207.40 | 205.10 | 100.07 |
| NaAlSi2O6 (jadeite) | -3030.9 | -2852.1 | 133.5 | 160.0 | 60.40 |
| Ne (g) | 0 | 0 | 146.33 | 20.79 | - |
| O2 (g) | 0 | 0 | 205.14 | 29.38 | - |
| O2 (aq) | -11.7 | 16.4 | 110.9 | - | - |
| OH- (aq) | -229.99 | -157.24 | -10.75 | -148.5 | - |
| Pb (s) | 0 | 0 | 64.81 | 26.44 | 18.3 |
| PbO2(s) | -277.4 | -217.33 | 68.6 | 64.64 | - |
| PbSO4(s) | -920.0 | -813.0 | 148.5 | 103.2 | - |
| SO42- (aq) | -909.27 | -744.53 | 20.1 | -293 | - |
| HSO4- (aq) | -887.34 | -755.91 | 131.8 | -84 | - |
| SiO2 (a quartz) | -910.94 | -856.64 | 41.84 | 44.43 | 22.69 |
| H4SiO4(aq) | -1449.36 | -1307.67 | 215.13 | 468.98 | - |
| Material | Temperature K | Pressure (10^5 Pa) |
| Hydrogen | 13.84 | 0.0704 |
| Deuterium | 18.63 | 0.171 |
| Neon | 24.57 | 0.432 |
| Oxygen | 54.36 | 0.00152 |
| Nitrogen | 63.18 | 0.125 |
| Ammonia | 195.40 | 0.0607 |
| Sulfur dioxide | 197.68 | 0.00167 |
| Carbon dioxide | 216.55 | 5.17 |
| Water | 273.16 | 0.00610 |
| Gas | a (Pa m3) | b(m3/mol) |
| Helium | 3.46x10^-3 | 23.71x10^-6 |
| Neon | 2.12x10^-2 | 17.10x10^-6 |
| Hydrogen | 2.45x10^-2 | 26.61x10^-6 |
| Carbon dioxide | 3.96x10^-1 | 42.69x10^-6 |
| Water vapor | 5.47x10^-1 | 30.52x10^-6 |
| Gases | Viscosity (Poise) |
| Air | 0.00018 |
| Helium | 0.00019 |
| Methane | 0.00020 |
| Nitrogen | 0.00018 |
| Oxygen | 0.00020 |
| Water vapor (steam) | 0.00013 |
| Liquids | Viscosity (Poise) |
| Acetone | 0.0032 |
| Alcohol(ethyl) | 0.012 |
| Blood (whole) | 0.04 |
| Blood plasma | 0.015 |
| Gasoline | 0.006 |
| Glycerine | 14.9 |
| Mercury | 0.016 |
| Oil (light) | 1.1 |
| Oil (heavy) | 6.6 |
| Water | 0.01 |
| Material Young's modulus (E) | GPa |
| Rubber (small strain) | 0.01-0.1 |
| Low density polyethylene | 0.2 |
| Polypropylene | 1.5-2 |
| Polyethylene terephthalate | 2-2.5 |
| Polystyrene | 3-3.5 |
| Nylon | 2-4 |
| Oak wood (along grain) | 11 |
| High-strength concrete (under compression) | 30 |
| Magnesium metal (Mg) | 45 |
| Aluminium alloy | 69 |
| Glass (all types) | 72 |
| Brass and bronze | 103-124 |
| Titanium (Ti) | 105-120 |
| Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (unidirectional, along grain) | 150 |
| Wrought iron and steel | 190-210 |
| Tungsten (W) | 400-410 |
| Silicon carbide (SiC) | 450 |
| Tungsten carbide (WC) | 450-650 |
| Single Carbon nanotube | 1,000+ |
| Diamond (C) | 1,050-1,200 |